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The support.sas.com site has a [http://support.sas.com/techsup/technote/ts486.pdf PDF version] of this document. TS486 QUICK REFERENCE 3.1 FUNCTIONS INFORMATS FORMATS Suffixes, prefixes, and abbreviations used: + (suffix) denotes 6.07 and later = (suffix) denotes 6.08 and later # (suffix) denotes 6.10 and later @ (suffix) denotes 6.11 and later & (suffix) denotes 6.12/6.09E and later 7 (prefix) denotes 7 and later 8 (prefix) denotes 8 and later 9 (prefix) denotes 9 and later * (suffix) denotes system-specific CALL denotes call routine instead of function SASLang = "SAS Language, Reference Version 6 First Edition" SASPnnn = "SAS Technical Report P-nnn" SASL610 = "SAS Software: Changes and Enhancements, Release 6.10" SASGRPH = "SAS/GRAPH Software Volume 1, Reference Ver 6 First Edition" 9ONLDOC = "SAS Version 9 Online Documentation" [e] denotes an EBCDIC value [a] denotes an ASCII value Information gathered from the following sources: (C&E = "Changes and Enhancements"; Ver = "Version") SAS Language, Reference Ver 6 First Edition SAS TR P-222, C&E to Base SAS Software Release 6.07 SAS TR P-242, SAS Software: C&E Release 6.08 SAS Software: C&E, Release 6.10 SAS Software: C&E, Release 6.11 What's New for the 6.09 Enhanced Release of SAS Software: C&E, 6.09E Release SAS Companion for the MVS Environment, Ver 6 Second Edition SAS TR P-218, C&E to the SAS System for the MVS Environment Release 6.07 SAS Companion for the CMS Environment, Ver 6 First Edition SAS TR P-219, C&E to the SAS System for the CMS Environment Release 6.07 SAS Companion for the VSE Environment, Ver 6 First Edition SAS Companion for the UNIX Environments: Language, Ver 6 First Edition SAS Companion for the VMS Environment, Ver 6 First Edition SAS TR P-220, C&E to the SAS System for the VMS Environment Release 6.07 SAS Companion for the OpenVMS Environment, Ver 6 Second Edition SAS Companion for the Microsoft Windows Environment, Ver 6 Second Edition Microsoft Windows Environment, C&E to the SAS System Release 6.10 Microsoft Windows Environment: C&E to the SAS System, Release 6.11 SAS Companion for the OS/2 Environment, Ver 6 Second Edition OS/2 Environment, C&E to the SAS System Release 6.10 OS/2 Environment: C&E to the SAS System, Release 6.11 SAS Companion for the Macintosh, Ver 6 First Edition SAS/GRAPH Software Volume 1, Reference Ver 6 First Edition SAS/QC Software Volume 2, Usage & Reference Ver 6 First Edition SAS Companion for the AOS/VS Environment, Ver 6 First Edition SAS TR: C&E to the SAS System for the OpenVMS Alpha Environment, Rel. 6.12 SAS TR P-229, SAS/STAT Software C&E Release 6.07 What's New in Release 6.12 Base SAS (Technical Support Consultant's Copy) What's New in SAS Software for Ver 7 and the Ver 8 Developer's Release SAS Technical Support Notes and Usage Notes Version 7, Version 8, and Version 9 Online Documentation NOTE: This document is formatted to be printed 72 lines per page duplex so that all the functions under each function group can be viewed at one time without having to turn pages, and similarly for the majority of informats and formats groups. 1 System Interfaces functions ------------------ 2 ------------------ All Systems except VSE ---------------------------- 7ADDR+ (var) memory address of variable var [avail on CMS and MVS in 6.07] 9ADDRLONG (var) same as ADDR but enhanced for 32-bit and 64-bit platforms 7HOSTHELP@&(method,<file>,<parm>) invokes native help system [avail on UNIX, WINDOWS, and OS/2 in 6.11; avail on OpenVMS in 6.12] 7MODULEC@ (<cntl>,modn,arg1,...argn) character return value from execution of external routine modn [avail on WINDOWS and OS/2 in 6.11] 7MODULEN@ (<cntl>,modn,arg1,...argn) numeric return value from execution of external routine modn [avail on WINDOWS and OS/2 in 6.11] 7MODULE@ CALL(<cntl>,modn,arg1,...argn) executes external routine modn [avail on WINDOWS and OS/2 in 6.11] 7PEEK+@ (addr,<len>) the contents of a numeric variable stored at memory location addr for length len [2-8]; default len = 4 [avail on CMS and MVS in 6.07; avail on WINDOWS and OS/2 in 6.11] 7PEEKC+@ (addr,<len>) the contents of a character variable stored at memory location addr for length len [1-200]; default len = 8 [avail on CMS and MVS in 6.07; avail on WINDOWS and OS/2 in 6.11] 9PEEKCLONG (addr,<len>) same as PEEKC but enhanced for 32- & 64-bit platforms 9PEEKLONG (addr,<len>) same as PEEK but enhanced for 32-bit & 64-bit platforms 7POKE (s,p,<l>) stores data from s into memory location p for length l 7POKE+ CALL(s,p,<l>) stores data from s into memory location p for length l [avail on CMS and MVS in 6.07] 9POKELONG CALL(s,p,<l>) same as CALL POKE but enhanced for 32- & 64-bit systems 9PTRLONGADD(ptr,<n>) performs pointer arithmetic on 32-bit and 64-bit platforms 8SLEEP* (t,<units>) return code from suspension of execution of a data step for t*units seconds; units default to 1 for PC and .001 for non-PC [avail on PC in 6.04 as SLEEP(t) where t is seconds] 8SLEEP* CALL(t,<units>) suspends execution of a data step for t*units seconds units default to .001 for all systems SYSGET&+ (var) value of host-specific variable var [avail on UNIX in 6.06 and avail on CMS in 6.07] SYSTEM& (str) return code from invocation of system command str [avail on CMS, MVS, and UNIX in 6.06] SYSTEM CALL(str) issues system command str 9SYSPROCESSID() process id of current process 9SYSPROCESSNAME(<pid>) name associated with current process or pid if specified ------------------ CMS and MVS only ---------------------------------- GETEXEC* (var) value of EXEC2 or REXX variable var PUTEXEC* CALL(var,val) assigns EXEC2 or REXX variable var the value val ------------------ CMS only ------------------------------------------ CMS* (str) return code from invocation of system command str ------------------ MVS only ------------------------------------------ TSO* (str) return code from invocation of system command str TSO* CALL(str) issues system command str ------------------ VMS and/or OpenVMS -------------------------------- DELETE* (fn) return code from deletion of external file fn FILEATTR*+(fn,i) file attribute item i for file fn FINDEND* CALL(cntxt) releases resources associated with a directory search FINDFILE* (fn,cntxt) first filename in search path that matches file spec fn GETDVI* (dev,item) retrieves specified item of information from a device GETJPI* (jpi,<pid>) retrieves job process information GETLOG*+ (ln,<t>,<x>,<m>,<c>,<i>) information about DCL logical name ln GETMSG* (stat) id>) text for VMS status(error) code stat GETQUOTA* (dev,usr,usage,prm,ovr,cntxt) retrieves disk quota information GETSYM* (sym) value of DCL symbol sym GETTERM*+ (ch) current setting of terminal device characteristic ch; characteristics are listed in SAS Technical Report P-220, p119-120 NODENAME*+() name of current node [up to 16 bytes long] PUTLOG* (lname,val) return code from creating OpenVMS logical name lname PUTSYM* (sym,val,sc) creates DCL symbol sym as val with scope sc RENAME* (old,new) return code from renaming file old to file new SETTERM*+ (ch,v) sets terminal device characteristic with new value v characteristics are listed in SAS Technical Report P-220, p119-120 TERMIN* (p) number of characters read from SYS$INPUT with prompt p TERMOUT* (out) return code from writing out to SYS$OUTPUT TTCONTRL* (specifications,ch) rc from modifying I/O channel ch VMS* (str) return code from invocation of system command str ------------------ UNIX@, WINDOWS@, OS/2@, and OpenVMS& -------------- SOUND* CALL(freq,dur) generates a sound of frequency freq for duration dur 1 System Interfaces (continued) functions ----------------------------- 3 ------------------ AOS/VS, VMS, and OpenVMS -------------------------- TTCLOSE* (ch) return code from closing I/O channel ch TTOPEN* (specifications,ch) rc from assigning I/O channel ch to a terminal TTREAD* (ch,buf,<s>) reads data from channel ch into buf for max size s TTWRITE* (ch,buf,<s>) writes data from buffer buf to channel ch for max size s help methods are listed in OS/2 C&E for Release 6.10, p44 ------------------ OS/2 only ----------------------------------------- OS2HELP*# (h,p1,p2) displays help information using help method h ------------------ WINDOWS only -------------------------------------- MCIPISLP*#(s) wait s seconds for a multimedia device to become active MCIPISTR*#(com) return information from invocation of MCI string command com PEEK16*@ (addr,<len>) the contents of a numeric variable, returned by a 16-bit DLL routine, stored at memory location addr for length len PEEK16C*@ (addr,<len>) the contents of a character variable, returned by a 16-bit DLL routine, stored at memory location addr for length len WINHELP*# (h,p1,p2) displays help information using help method h help methods are listed in Windows C&E for Release 6.10, p54 ------------------ WINDOWS and OS/2 ---------------------------------- DMYTECHC* (str) character count in hex for packet str DMYTECKS* CALL(str,icks,ccks) checksum value for packet str; icks is initial checksum and ccks is calculated checksum DMYTECWD* (str,rstr) number of tokens in packet str; if packet >200 characters, str is the first 200, rstr is the remainder; else rstr = '' DMYTERVC* (x) converts DataMyte 2-byte hex number x to an ascii number WAKEUP* (t) t specifies a time when a data step begins execution; the return value is the number of seconds slept Product-specific functions -------------------------- inrvars = "independent normal random variables" type[t] = "for a Type [t] doubling-sampling plan" ------------------ GRAPH --------------------------------------------- note most of the GRAPH functions have varying parameter lists depending on the value of the first argument; refer to 9ONLDOC GASK CALL(attr,parms...) current setting for attribute 'attr' GDRAW (ge,parms...) return code from creating graphic element 'ge' GINIT () return code from initializing DSGI (Data Step Graphics Interface) GPRINT (code) displays message that corresponds to error code 'code' GRAPH (tsk,parms...) return code from performing lib management task 'tsk' GSET (attr,parms...) return code from setting graphic element attribute 'attr' GTERM () return code from terminating DSGI (Data Step Graphics Interface) ------------------ IML ----------------------------------------------- 7MODULEIC (<cntl>,modn,arg1,...argn) character return value from execution of external routine modn; invoked from within the IML procedure 7MODULEIN (<cntl>,modn,arg1,...argn) numeric return value from execution of external routine modn; invoked from within the IML procedure 7MODULEI CALL(<cntl>,modn,arg1,...argn) executes external routine modn; invoked from within the IML procedure ------------------ QC ------------------------------------------------ AOQ2 (rep,N,a1,r1,a2,n1,n2,p) average outgoing quality type[B] ASN2 (mode,a1,r1,a2,n1,n2,p) average sample number type[B] ATI2 (N,a1,r1,a2,n1,n2,p) average total inspection type[B] BAYESACT CALL(k,s,df,a1,...<an>,y1,...<yn>,b1,...<bn>,p) posterior probabili- ties that observations are contaminated with a larger variance C4 (n) expected value of the standard deviation of n inrvars CUSUMARL (type,sd,h,k,<hs>) average run length of a one- or two-sided cumulative sum control chart scheme D2 (n) expected value of the sample range of n inrvars D3 (n) standard deviation of the range of n inrvars EWMAARL (sd,r,k) average run length for exponentially weighted moving average PROBACC2 (a1,r1,a2,n1,n2,D,N) acceptance probablility type[A] PROBACC2 (a1,r1,a2,n1,n2,p) acceptance probablility type[B] PROBMED (n,x) probability that the sample median is less than or equal to x for a sample of n inrvars STDMED (n) standard deviation of the median of a normally distributed sample with size n 1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE NEXT THREE GROUPS OF FUNCTIONS DESCRIBED REQUIRE A DIRECTORY-ID, FILE-ID, OR DATASET-ID TOKEN OBTAINED FROM DOPEN, FOPEN | MOPEN, OR OPEN RESPECTIVELY Unless otherwise specified, these functions return 0 if the specific operation was successful and a nonzero value if the operation was not successful ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- External File Functions ----------------------- DCLOSE& (dirid) closes directory dirid 9DCREATE (dirname,<pdir>) creates directory dirname under current working directory or parent directory pdir; returns full pathname if successful, null string if unscuccessful DINFO& (dirid,itm) host-specific information itm concerning directory dirid DNUM& (dirid) number of members in directory dirid DOPEN& (fileref) opens directory fileref and returns a unique numeric directory identifier, returns 0 if open unsuccessful DOPTNAME& (dirid,n) host-specific info item number n about directory dirid DOPTNUM& (dirid) number of information items available for directory dirid DREAD& (dirid,n) name of the nth member in directory dirid DROPNOTE& (fid,notid) deletes note marker notid from FNOTE [DROPNOTE can also be used to delete a notid from NOTE--refer to "Data Step Functions"] FAPPEND& (fid,<cc>) appends current record in the FDB to file fid with optional carriage control character cc FCLOSE& (fid) closes file fid FCOL& (fid) current column position in the FDB for file fid FDELETE& (fid) deletes file fid FGET& (fid,var,<len>) copies data from the FDB into variable var for optional length len FINFO& (fid,itm) host-specific information itm concerning file fid FNOTE& (fid) unique note identifier for the last record read from file fid FOPEN& (filref,<mode>,<recl>,<recfm>) opens file filref for input or update and returns a unique numeric file identifier or zero if open fails FOPTNAME& (fid,n) host-specific information item number n about file fid FOPTNUM& (fid) number of information items available for file fid FPOINT& (fid,notid) positions the read pointer to notid (from the FNOTE function) in file fid FPOS& (fid,p) positions column pointer in the FDB to column p for file fid FPUT& (fid,d) moves data d to the FDB of file fid starting at the FDB's current column position; d can be text or a variable FREAD& (fid) reads a record from file fid into the FDB FREWIND& (fid) positions file pointer to the beginning of file fid FRLEN& (fid) size of last record read or current record size of file fid FSEP& (fid,sep) sets token delimiter(s) sep for file fid FWRITE& (fid,<cc>) writes the current record in the FDB to file fid with optional carriage control character cc MOPEN& (dirid,mname,<mode>,<recl>,<recfm>) opens member mname in directory dirid for input or update and returns a unique numeric file identifier, returns 0 if open unsuccessful; optional record parms Data Step Functions ------------------- ATTRC& (dsid,attr) value of character attribute attr for data set dsid ATTRN& (dsid,attr) value of numeric attribute attr for data set dsid CLOSE& (dsid) closes data set dsid CUROBS& (dsid) current observation number from data set dsid DROPNOTE& (dsid,notid) deletes a note marker notid from NOTE [DROPNOTE can also delete a notid from FNOTE--refer to "External File Functions"] DSNAME& (dsid) data set name associated with dsid FETCH& (dsid,<NOSET>) reads the next nondeleted observation from data set dsid into the DDV FETCHOBS& (dsid,obs,<opts>) reads observation number obs from from data set dsid into the DDV NOTE& (dsid) unique note identifier for current obs of data set dsid OPEN& (dsname,<mode>) opens data set dsname for input and returns a unique numeric data set identifier, returns 0 if open unsuccessful POINT& (dsid,notid) locates observation identified by notid (from the NOTE function) in data set dsid REWIND& (dsid) positions data set dsid back to beginning SET& CALL(dsid) automatically sets values of data set variables or macro variables after a READ; typically follows an OPEN function call 1 Variable Functions functions ------------------ 5 GETVARC& (dsid,n) character value of the nth variable in data set dsid GETVARN& (dsid,n) numeric value of the nth variable in data set dsid VARFMT& (dsid,n) format assigned to the nth variable in data set dsid VARINFMT& (dsid,n) informat assigned to the nth variable in data set dsid VARLABEL& (dsid,n) label assigned to the nth variable in data set dsid VARLEN& (dsid,n) length of the nth variable in data set dsid VARNAME& (dsid,n) name of the nth variable in data set dsid VARNUM& (dsid,vname) position of variable vname in data set dsid, 0 if the variable does not exist in the data set VARTYPE& (dsid,n) type ('C'|'N') of the nth variable in data set dsid SAS Variable Attibutes ---------------------- w/v = "associated with the variable" var_by_exp = "the variable defined by the expression" w/var_by_exp = "associated with the variable defined by expression" 7VARRAY (var) 1 if variable var is an array, 0 if not 7VARRAYX (exp) 1 if var_by_exp exp is an array, 0 if not 7VFORMAT (var) format w/v var 7VFORMATD (var) decimal value of the format w/v var 7VFORMATDX (exp) decimal value of the format w/var_by_exp exp 7VFORMATN (var) name of the format w/v var 7VFORMATNX (exp) name of the format w/var_by_exp exp 7VFORMATW (var) width value of the format w/v var 7VFORMATWX (exp) width value of the format w/var_by_exp exp 7VFORMATX (exp) format w/var_by_exp exp 7VINARRAY (var) 1 if variable var is a member of an array, 0 if not 7VINARRAYX (exp) 1 if var_by_exp is a member of an array, 0 if not 7VINFORMAT (var) informat w/v var 7VINFORMATD (var) decimal value of the informat w/v var 7VINFORMATDX(exp) decimal value of the informat w/var_by_exp exp 7VINFORMATN (var) name of the informat w/v var 7VINFORMATNX(exp) name of the informat w/var_by_exp exp 7VINFORMATW (var) width value of the informat w/v var 7VINFORMATWX(exp) width value of the informat w/var_by_exp exp 7VINFORMATX (exp) informat w/var_by_exp exp 7VLABEL (var) label w/v var 7VLABELX (exp) label w/var_by_exp exp 7VLENGTH (var) compile-time size of the variable var 7VLENGTHX (exp) compile-time size of the var_by_exp exp 7VNAME (var) name of the variable var VNAME CALL(var1,var2) assigns the name of variable var1 as the value of variable var2 7VNAMEX (exp) name of the var_by_exp exp 9VNEXT CALL(var,type,len) returns name, type, and length of variable var 7VTYPE (var) type ('C'|'N') of the variable var 7VTYPEX (exp) type ('C'|'N') of the var_by_exp exp 9VVALUE (var) formatted value w/v var 9VVALUEX (exp) formatted value w/var_by_exp exp State and Zipcode ----------------- name[type] = "name <= 20 characters in [type] case" FIPNAME (fcode) converts FIPS code to a state name[upper] FIPNAMEL (fcode) converts FIPS code to a state name[mixed] FIPSTATE (fcode) converts FIPS code to a two-char postal state code STFIPS (pcode) converts two-char postal state code to a FIPS code STNAME (pcode) converts two-char postal state code to a state name[upper] STNAMEL (pcode) converts two-char postal state code to a state name[mixed] 9ZIPCITY (zcode) converts five-char zip code to a city name and a two-char postal state code ZIPFIPS (zcode) converts five-char zip code to a FIPS code ZIPNAME (zcode) converts five-char zip code to a state name[upper] ZIPNAMEL (zcode) converts five-char zip code to a state name[mixed] ZIPSTATE (zcode) converts five-char zip code to a two-char postal state code 1 Character functions --------- 6 first [type] = "first position of any [type] in string str beginning at position pos, default pos = 1; a negative value of pos searches right to left" parm lists (str,...<strn>) for the CAT* functions can be denoted using character arrays (of ary1-aryn) ANSI2OEM* CALL(str,dst,len) [WINDOWS] converts string str from ansi to oem for length len and stores result in string dst 9ANYALNUM (str,<pos>) first alphanumeric character 9ANYALPHA (str,<pos>) first alphabetic character 9ANYCNTRL (str,<pos>) first control character 9ANYDIGIT (str,<pos>) first digit 9ANYFIRST (str,<pos>) first character valid as the beginning of a SAS variable name 9ANYGRAPH (str,<pos>) first graphical character 9ANYLOWER (str,<pos>) first lowercase letter 9ANYNAME (str,<pos>) first character valid as part of a SAS variable name 9ANYPRINT (str,<pos>) first printable character 9ANYPUNCT (str,<pos>) first punctuation character 9ANYSPACE (str,<pos>) first white-space character 9ANYUPPER (str,<pos>) first uppercase letter 9ANYXDIGIT (str,<pos>) first hexadecimal character that represents a digit ASCEBC* (str) [VMS] converts string str from ascii to ebcdic BYTE (n) nth character in ascii or ebcdic collating sequence 9CAT (str,...<strn>) concatenates strings without removing leading or trailing blanks 9CATS (str,...<strn>) concatenates strings and removes leading and trailing blanks 9CATS CALL(result,str,...<strn>) assigns result the value of concatenating strings str-strn along with removing leading and trailing blanks 9CATT (str,...<strn>) concatenates strings and removes trailing blanks only 9CATT CALL(result,str,...<strn>) assigns result the value of concatenating strings str-strn along with removing trailing blanks only 9CATX (sep,str,...<strn>) concatenates strings, removes leading and trailing blanks, and inserts separator sep 9CATX CALL(sep,result,str,...<strn>) assigns result the value of concatenating strings, removing all leading and trailing blanks, and inserting separator sep 9COALESCEC (str1,...<strn>) first non-missing string of strings str1-strn COLLATE (s,<e>) string of chars in collating seq fr start pos s to end pos e (s,,<l>) string of chars in collate seq from start pos s for length l 9COMPARE (str1,str2,<mod>) position of the leftmost character by which strings str1 and str2 differ with optional modifiers mod 9COMPCOST CALL(op1,val1,...<opn,valn>) set the costs of operations for later use by the COMPGED function 9COMPGED (str1,str2,<cut>,<mod>) general edit distance between strings str1 and str2; for details refer to 9ONLDOC 9COMPLEV (str1,str2,<cut>,<mod>) Levenshtein edit distance between strings str1 and str2; for details refer to 9ONLDOC COMPBL+ (str) removes multiple blanks between blank-delimited substrs in str COMPRESS (str,<rem>,<mod>) removes blanks OR chars specified in rem from str; added in V9, optional parameter mod modifies 2nd parameter 9COUNT (src,str,<mod>) number of times substr str appears in string src with modifiers mod 9COUNTC (src,str,<mod>) number of times characters in str appear or do not appear within src with modifiers mod DEQUOTE+ (str) removes surrounding quotes, single or double, from str and removes multiple single and double quotes within str EBCASC* (str) [VMS] converts string str from ebcdic to ascii 9FIND (src,str,<pos>,<mod>) first position of string str located in string src using start position pos and modifiers mod 9FINDC (src,str,<mod>) first position of any characters in str that appear or do not appear within src using start position pos & modifiers mod INDEX (src,str) first position of string str located in string src INDEXC (src,str,...<strn>) first position of any character in any of the strings str-strn located in string src INDEXW+ (src,str,<dlm>) first position of the blank-delimited substring str in string src; third parameter added in V9 allows you to specify a delimeter other than a blank through character expression dlm 1 Character (continued) functions --------------------- 7 LEFT (str) converts leading blanks to trailing blanks in string str LENGTH (str) length of string str 9LENGTHC (str) length of string str including trailing blanks 9LENGTHM (str) amount of memory in bytes that is allocated for string str 9LENGTHN (str) length of string str excluding trailing blanks; 0 if blank LOWCASE+ (str) converts all uppercase characters in str to lowercase 9NLITERAL (str) SAS name literal of string str 9NOTALNUM (str,<pos>) first non-alphanumeric character 9NOTALPHA (str,<pos>) first non-alphabetic character 9NOTCNTRL (str,<pos>) first non-control character 9NOTDIGIT (str,<pos>) first non-digit 9NOTFIRST (str,<pos>) first character invalid as the beginning of a SAS variable name 9NOTGRAPH (str,<pos>) first non-graphical character 9NOTLOWER (str,<pos>) first non-lowercase character 9NOTNAME (str,<pos>) first character invalid as part of a SAS variable name 9NOTPRINT (str,<pos>) first non-printable character 9NOTPUNCT (str,<pos>) first non-punctuation character 9NOTSPACE (str,<pos>) first non-white-space character 9NOTUPPER (str,<pos>) first non-uppercase character 9NOTXDIGIT (str,<pos>) first character that is not a hexadecimal digit 9NVALID (str,<b>) 1 if string str is a valid SAS variable name based on basis b, 0 if not; for values of b refer to 9ONLDOC OEM2ANSI* CALL(str,dst,len) [WINDOWS] converts string str from oem to ansi for length len and stores result in string dst 9PROPCASE (str,<dlm>) converts string str to proper case with delimeters dlm matches a pattern QUOTE+ (str) adds surrounding double quotes to string str, and doubles any double quotes found within str RANK (x) position of character x in ascii or ebcdic collating sequence REPEAT (str,n) string consisting of string str repeated n+1 times REVERSE (str) string str with its characters in reverse order substring that matches a pattern RIGHT (str) converts trailing blanks to leading blanks in string str SCAN (str,n,<dlm>) nth substring in str separated by delimeters dlm see 9ONLDOC for default dlm; beginning with V7 a negative value of n scans the string right to left 9SCAN CALL(str,n,pos,len,<dlm>) position and length of nth substring in string str separated by delimiters dlm; see 9ONLDOC for default dlm 9SCANQ (str,n,<dlm>) same as SCAN but ignores delimeters within quotation marks 9SCANQ CALL(str,n,pos,len,<dlm>) same as CALL SCAN but ignores delimeters within quotation marks SOUNDEX+ (str) encodes string str according to a patented search algorithm described in SASP222, p64 SPEDIS& (str,key) a value representing the likelihood that string str matches string key 9STRIP (str) removes all leading and trailing blanks 9SUBPAD (str,pos,<n>) n characters of str beginning at position pos: if n=0, null string is returned; if pos + n-1 > length(str), result is padded with blanks SUBSTR (str,pos,<n>) "x = substr()" returns n characters of str beginning at position pos "substr() = x" assigns n chars of x to str beginning at position pos beginning in V9, if n is omitted str will be assigned a length of 8 9SUBSTRN (str,pos,<n>) n characters of str beginning at position pos, allowing negative values for both pos and n, and possible null string return TRANSLATE (str,to1,from1,...<ton,fromn>) converts all characters in str that occur in from1 to their respective character in to1 for every fromn-ton pair of strings TRANWRD+ (str,to,from) converts all blank-delimited occurrences of string from in string str to string to TRIM (str) removes all trailing blanks TRIMN+ (str) removes all trailing blanks, NULL if result is a blank UPCASE (str) converts all lowercase characters in str to uppercase VERIFY (str,excerpt1,...<excerptn>) position of the first character in str that is not present in any of the strings excerpt1-excerptn 1 Arithmetic functions ---------- 8 ABS (num) absolute value of num AIRY+ (num) value of the airy function; the differential equation w"-xw=0 ARCOS (num) arccosine in radians; -1 < num < 1 ARSIN (num) arcsine in radians; -1 < num < 1 ATAN (num) arctangent in radians 9ATAN2 (num1,num2) arctangent in of two numeric variables in radians 9BETA (a,b) beta function of first shape parm a and second shape parm b CEIL (num) smallest integer greater than or equal to num 9CEILZ (num) smallest integer greater than or equal to num without fuzzing 7COMB (n,r) combinations of n elements taken r at a time 7CONSTANT (c) machine or mathematical constant c, values of c are: E natural base LOGBIG log w/respect to base of big PI pi LOGSMALL log w/respect to base of small EULER euler constant SQRTBIG square root of big EXACTINT exact integer SQRTSMALL square root of small BIG largest dp num MACEPS machine precision constant SMALL smallest dp num LOGMACEPS log w/respect to base of maceps [dp = double-precision] SQRTMACEPS square root of maceps COS (num) cosine; num must be in radians COSH (num) hyperbolic cosine DAIRY+ (num) derivative of the airy function 7DEVIANCE (dist,var,parms...) deviance from distribution dist using random variable var; parameter list varies depending on distribution DIGAMMA (num) derivative of the LGAMMA function; num > 0 ERF (num) the integral defined in SASLang, p546 ERFC (num) complement to the ERF function [1-erf(num)] EXP (num) the constant e raised to the power of num 7FACT (num) factorial of num FLOOR (num) largest integer less than or equal to num 9FLOORZ (num) largest integer less than or equal to num without fuzzing FUZZ (num) nearest integer value if num is within 1e-12 of the integer GAMMA (num) the integral defined in SASLang, p551 IBESSEL+ (nu,x,kode) bessel function when kode=0, and modified bessel function when kode != 0 of order nu evaluated at x INT (num) truncates decimal portion of num 9INTZ (num) truncates decimal portion of num without fuzzing JBESSEL+ (nu,x) bessel function of order nu evaluated at x LGAMMA (num) natural logarithm of GAMMA(num) LOG (num) natural logarithm of num LOG10 (num) common logarithm of num LOG2 (num) logarithm to the base 2 of num 9LOGISTIC CALL(var1,...<varn>) replaces each variable with the logistic value of that variable; only accepts variable names 9LOGBETA (a,b) logarithm of the beta function with shape parameters a and b MOD (num,div) remainder of the quotient num/div 9MODZ (num,div) remainder of the quotient num/div without fuzzing 7PERM (n,r) permutations of n elements taken r at a time ROUND (num,<u>) num rounded to the nearest unit u, default u = 1 9ROUNDE (num,<u>) num rounded to the nearest unit u, default u = 1; if result halfway between two multiples, an even multiple is returned 9ROUNDZ (num,<u>) num rounded to the nearest unit u [def = 1] without fuzzing SIGN (num) -1 if num < 0, 0 if num = 0, and 1 if num > 0 SIN (num) sine; num must be in radians SINH (num) hyperbolic sine 9SOFTMAX CALL(var1,...<varn>) replaces each variable with the softmax value of that variable; only accepts variable names SQRT (num) square root of num 9STDIZE CALL(<opt1,>...<optn,>var1,...<varn>) standardizes each variable's value according to options; see 9ONLDOC for option values TAN (num) tangent; num must be in radians and not an odd multiple of pi/2 TANH (num) hyperbolic tangent 9TANH CALL(<var1,...<varn>) replaces each variable with the hyperbolic tangent of that variable; only accepts variable names TRIGAMMA (num) derivative of the DIGAMMA function; num > 0 TRUNC (num,len) truncates num stored as a double to len bytes 1 Probability functions ----------- 9 le = "is less than or equal to" prob_ = "probability that an observation from a<n>|the" frvrdist = "from various continuous and discrete distributions" BETAINV (p,a,b) pth quantile from beta distribution with shape parms a and b CDF& (id,q,<s>,<l>) left cumulative distribution function frvrdist CINV (p,df,<nc>) pth quantile from the chi-square distribution with degrees of freedom df and a noncentrality parameter nc CNONCT+ (x,df,prob) the noncentrality parameter from a noncentral chi-square distribution whose parameters are x, df, and nc FINV (p,ndf,ddf,<nc>) pth quantile from the F distribution with numerator and denominator degrees of freedom ndf and ddf and a noncentrality parameter nc FNONCT+ (x,ndf,ddf,<nc>) the noncentrality parameter from an noncentral F distribution whose parameters are x, ndf, ddf, and nc GAMINV (p,a) pth quantile from the gamma distribution with shape parameter a 9LOGCDF (id,q,<s>,<l>) logarithm of the left cumulative distribution function LOGPDF& (id,q,<s>,<l>) logarithm of the probability density function frvrdist LOGPMF& (id,q,<s>,<l>) logarithm of the probability mass function frvrdist LOGSDF& (id,q,<s>,<l>) log of the survival function (log upper tail) frvrdist PDF& (id,q,<s>,<l>) probability density function frvrdist PMF& (id,q,<s>,<l>) probability mass function frvrdist POISSON (m,n) prob_ Poisson distribution, with mean m, le n PROBBETA (x,a,b) prob_ beta distribution, with shape parameters a and b, le x PROBBNML (p,n,m) prob_ binomial distribution, with probability of success p, number of trials n, and number of successes m, le m 7PROBBNRM+ (x,y,r) probability from the bivariate normal distribution [avail with the QC product in 6.07] PROBCHI (x,df,<nc>) prob_ chi-square distribution, with degrees of freedom df and noncentrality parameter nc, le x PROBF (x,ndf,ddf,<nc>) prob_ F distribution, with numerator and denominator degrees of freedom ndf and ddf, and noncentrality parameter nc, le x PROBGAM (x,a) prob_ gamma distribution, with shape parameter a, le x PROBHYPR (n,k,s,<r>) prob_ extended hypergeometric distribution, with population n, items k, sample size s, and odds ratio r, le x PROBIT (p) pth quantile from the standard normal distribution 7PROBMC+ (dist,q,p,df,np,<parms>) probability or the quantile from various distributions with finite and infinite degrees of freedom for the variance estimate [avail with the QC product in 6.07] PROBNEGB (p,n,m) prob_ negative binomial distribution, with probability of success p and number of successes n, le m PROBNORM (x) prob_ standard normal distribution le x PROBT (x,df,<nc>) prob_ Student's t distribution with degrees of freedom df 9QUANTILE (dist,prob,<s>,<l>,<sc>) quantile from a specified distribution and noncentrality parameter nc, le x SDF& (id,q,<s>,<l>) survival function (upper tail) frvrdist TINV (p,df,<nc>) pth quantile from the Student's t distribution with degrees of freedom df and a noncentrality parameter nc TNONCT+ (x,df,prob) the noncentrality parameter from a noncentral t distribution whose parameters are x, df, and nc Programatical ------------- 9ALLPERM CALL(k,arg1,...<argn>) all permutations of arguments arg1 to argn 9CHOOSEC (x,arg1,...<argn>) xth selection among arguments arg1 to argn as a character value, x can be an expression; a negative value of x treats argn as arg1 and counts right to left 9CHOOSEN (x,arg1,...<argn>) xth selection among arguments arg1 to argn as a numeric value, x can be an expression; a negative value of x treats argn as arg1 and counts right to left 9IFC (expr,t,f,<m>) character value t, f, or m based on whether expression expr evaluates to true, false, or missing, respectively 9IFN (expr,t,f,<m>) numeric value t, f, or m based on whether expression expr evaluates to true, false, or missing, respectively 1 Random Numbers functions -------------- 10 var [dist] = "variate generated from a<n>|the [dist] distribution" varup [dist] = "updates seed and returns a variate generated from a<n>|the [dist] distribution" NORMAL (seed) var normal with mean 0 and variance 1 RANBIN (seed,n,p) var binomial with mean np and variance np(1-p) RANCAU (seed) var Cauchy with location parameter 0 and scale parameter 1 9RAND (dist,parm1,...parmn) generates random numbers from distribution dist with parameters approriate for specified distribution RANEXP (seed) var exponential with parameter 1 RANGAM (seed,a) var gamma with parameter a RANNOR (seed) var normal with mean 0 and variance 1 RANPOI (seed,m) var Poisson with mean m RANTBL (seed,p1,...pn) var probability mass function defined by p1-pn RANTRI (seed,h) var triangular with parameter h RANUNI (seed) var uniform on the interval (0,1) RANBIN CALL(seed,n,p) varup binomial with mean np and variance np(1-p) RANCAU CALL(seed) varup Cauchy w/location parameter 0 and scale parameter 1 RANEXP CALL(seed) varup exponential with parameter 1 RANGAM CALL(seed,a) varup gamma with parameter a RANNOR CALL(seed) varup normal with mean 0 and variance 1 9RANPERK CALL(seed,k,n1,...<nn>) updates seed and returns random permutation of variables n1-nn taken k at a time, "n1,...<nn>" can be specified as "of n1-nn" 9RANPERM CALL(seed,n1,...<nn>) updates seed and returns random permutation of variables n1-nn, "n1,...<nn>" can be specified as "of n1-nn" RANPOI CALL(seed,m) varup Poisson with mean m RANTBL CALL(seed,p1,...pn) varup probability mass function defined by p1-pn RANTRI CALL(seed,h) varup triangular with parameter h RANUNI CALL(seed) varup uniform on the interval (0,1) 9STREAMINIT CALL(seed) specifies a seed to use for subsequent calls to RAND UNIFORM (seed) var uniform on the interval (0,1) Statistical ----------- of args = "of nonmissing arguments n1-nn" parm lists (n1,...<nn>) can be denoted using arrays (of ary1-aryn) 9COALESCE (n1,...<nn>) first non-missing value of arguments n1-nn CSS (n1,n2,...<nn>) corrected sum of squares of args CV (n1,n2,...<nn>) coefficient of variation of args 9GEOMEAN (n1,n2,...<nn>) geometric mean of args; fuzzes values near zero to 0 9GEOMEANZ (n1,n2,...<nn>) geometric mean value of args without fuzzing 9HARMEAN (n1,n2,...<nn>) harmonic mean of args; fuzzes values near zero to 0 9HARMEANZ (n1,n2,...<nn>) harmonix mean of args without fuzzing 9IQR (n1,n2,...<nn>) interquartile range of args KURTOSIS (n1,n2,n3,n4,...<nn>) kurtosis of args 9LARGEST (k,n1,n2,...<nn>) kth largest value of args 9MAD (n1,...<nn>) median absolute deviation from the median of args MAX (n1,n2,...<nn>) maximum value of args 9MEDIAN (n1,...<nn>) median of args MEAN (n1,n2,...<nn>) mean value of args MIN (n1,n2,...<nn>) minimum value of args N (n1,...<nn>) number of args NMISS (n1,...<nn>) number of missing arguments n1-nn ORDINAL (count,n1,n2,...<nn>) largest of the first count arguments n1-nn 9PCTL<n> (p,n1,...<nn>) nth (1-5) percentile p of args RANGE (n1,n2...<nn>) difference between the largest and smallest of args 9RMS (n1,...<nn>) root mean square of args SKEWNESS (n1,n2,n3,...<nn>) skewness statistic of args 9SMALLEST (k,n1,n2,...<nn>) kth smallest value of args STD (n1,n2,...<nn>) standard deviation of args STDERR (n1,n2,...<nn>) standard error of the mean of args SUM (n1,n2,...<nn>) sum of nonmissing args n1-nn USS (n1,n2,...<nn>) uncorrected sum of squares of args VAR (n1,n2,...<nn>) variance of args 1 Logical functions ------- 11 BAND+ (x1,x2) the bitwise AND of x1 and x2 BLSHIFT+ (x1,n) the bitwise left shift of x1 for n bits BNOT+ (x1) the bitwise NOT of x1 BOR+ (x1,x2) the bitwise OR of x1 and x2 BRSHIFT+ (x1,n) the bitwise right shift of x1 for n bits BXOR+ (x1,x2) the bitwise EXCLUSIVE OR of x1 and x2 Special SAS Operations ---------------------- CEXIST& (cent,<u>) 1 if catalog or catalog entry cent exists, 0 if not optional 'U' keyword parameter verifies ability to update DIF<n> (var) first differences between var and its nth lag; default n = 1 DIM (array,dim) nth dimension dim of a multidimensional array DIM<n> (array) nth dimension of an array; default n = 1 EXECUTE+ CALL(mac) executes resolved value of sas macro mac following the current data step; the data step must end with a run statement EXIST& (mem,<mtyp>,<gen>) 1 if SAS data library member exists, 0 if not; opt member type mtyp; optional generation number gen added in V9 FEXIST& (fref) 1 if external file identified by fileref fref exists, 0 if not FILEEXIST&(pname) 1 if external file identified by physical name pname exists, 0 if not FILENAME& (lname,<pname>,<dev>,<opts>,<dir>) if pname is present, return code from assigning fileref lname to physical file pname with device dev and host-specific options opts; if pname absent, deassigns fileref FILEREF& (fn) zero if filename fn has been assigned, nonzero if it has not GETOPTION&(opt,<rep>) value of option opt with optional reporting keyword rep HBOUND (array,dim) upper bound of nth dimension dim of a multidim array HBOUND<n> (array) upper bound of the nth dimension of array; default n = 1 INPUT (src,inf) read the value of src using informat inf use this to convert character data to numeric data INPUTC+ (src,inf,<w>,<d>) read the value of src using character informat inf specified at run time; w = width and d = decimal value for informat INPUTN+ (src,inf,<w>,<d>) read the value of src using numeric informat inf specified at run time; w = width and d = decimal value for informat 7IORCMSG () formatted error message associated with current value of _IORC_ LABEL CALL(var,str) assigns label str to the variable var LAG<n> (var) nth lag value of variable var stored/retrieved in a queue LBOUND (array,dim) lower bound of the nth dimension dim of a multidim array LBOUND<n> (array) lower bound of the nth dimension of array; default n = 1 LIBNAME& (lname,<pname>,<eng>,<opts>) if pname is present, return code from assigning libref lname to physical library pname with engine eng and host-specific options opts; if pname is absent, deassigns libref LIBREF& (lib) zero if libname lib has been assigned, nonzero if it has not 7MISSING (e) 1 if variable or expression e contains a missing value, 0 if not 9MISSING CALL(var1,...<varn>) assigns a missing value to all variable names var1-varn: can use "of" construct; eg, call missing(of _all_) PATHNAME& (fref) physical name of SAS data library or external file fref PUT (src,f) write the value of src using format f use this to convert numeric data to character data PUTC+ (src,for,<w>,<d>) write the value of src using character format for specified at run time; w = width and d = decimal value for format PUTN+ (src,for,<w>,<d>) write the value of src using numeric format for specified at run time; w = width and d = decimal value for format RESOLVE+ (mac) resolved value of sas macro mac [more flexible than SYMGET] 9SYMEXIST (mac) 1 if sas macro mac exists, 0 if it does not exist SYMGET (mac) value of sas macro mac during datastep execution 9SYMGLOBL (mac) 1 if sas macro mac is global in scope, 0 if not 9SYMLOCAL (mac) 1 if sas macro mac is local in scope, 0 if not SYMPUT CALL(mac,str) assigns the value str to sas macro mac 9SYMPUTX CALL(mac,str,<symtab>) assigns the value str to sas macro mac in symbol table symtab and removes both leading and trailing blanks SYSMSG& () message produced from a data set or external file function call SYSPROD+ (prod) 1 if sas product prod is licensed, 0 if prod is not licensed, and -1 if prod is not recognized SYSRC& () return code from a data set or external file function call SYSPARM () value of the string specified with the SYSPARM option 9UUIDGEN (<warn>,<form>) Universal Unique Identifier in form form (binary or character[default]) with maximum warnings warn [default=1] 1 Financial functions --------- 12 sld = "straight-line depreciation" COMPOUND (a,f,r,n) the missing argument of the four; f = a(1 + r)**n 8CONVX (y,f,c1,...cn) convexity for an enumerated cashflow 8CONVXP (a,c,n,k,k0,y) convexity for a periodic cashflow stream DACCDB (p,v,y,r) accumulated depreciation using a declining balance method DACCDBSL (p,v,y,r) same as DACCCB but with conversion to an sld function DACCSL (p,v,y) accumulated depreciation using the straight-line method DACCSYD (p,v,y) accumulated depreciation using the sum-of-years-digits method DACCTAB (p,v,t1,...<tn>) accumulated depreciation using user-specified tables DEPDB (p,v,y,r) depreciation using the declining balance method DEPDBSL (p,v,y,r) same as DEPDB but with conversion to an sld function DEPSL (p,v,y) straight-line depreciation DEPSYD (p,v,y) sum-of-years-digits depreciation DEPTAB (p,v,t1,...<tn>) depreciation using specified tables 8DUR (y,f,c1,...cn) modified duration for an enumerated cashflow 8DURP (a,c,n,k,k0,y) modified duration for a periodic cashflow stream INTRR (freq,c0,c1,...cn) internal rate of return as a fraction IRR (freq,c0,c1,...cn) internal rate of return as a percentage MORT (amt,pay,rate,period) missing argument of the four amortization parms NETPV (rate,freq,c0,c1,...cn) net present value with rate as a fraction NPV (rate,freq,c0,c1,...cn) net present value with rate as a percentage 8PVP (a,c,n,k,k0,y) present value for a periodic cashflow stream SAVING (f,p,r,n) the missing argument of the four from a periodic saving f = (p(1 + r)((1 + r)**n - 1)) / r 8YIELDP (a,c,n,k,k0,y) yield-to-maturity for a periodic cashflow stream Dates and Times --------------- 7DATDIF (d1,d2,b) number of days between sas date values d1 and d2 according to basis b ('30/360' or 'Actual') DATE () sas date equal to the current date DATEJUL (n) converts julian date n to a sas date; n = yyddd or yyyyddd DATEPART (dt) date portion of the sas datetime value dt DATETIME () sas datetime equal to the current date and time DAY (d) day-of-month [1-31] from the sas date value d DHMS (d,h,m,s) sas datetime from date, hour, minute, and second HMS (h,m,s) sas time from hour, minute, and second HOUR (tdt) hour [0-23] from either sas time or sas datetime value tdt INTCK (int,fr,to) number of time intervals 'int' from 'fr' to 'to'; fr and to are sas dates, times, or datetimes; interval values are listed in SASLang, p558 and SASP222+, p58 INTNX (int,fr,num) adds 'num' 'int' intervals to starting 'fr' fr and to are sas dates, times, or datetimes; interval values are listed in SASLang, p560 and SASP222+, p59 (int,fr,num,align) 'align' parm added in Rel 6.11 and 6.09E; advances result to the 'beginning', 'middle', or 'end' of the interval JULDATE (d) julian date equivalent of the sas date d JULDATE7& (d) julian date (with a 4-digit year) equivalent of the sas date d MDY (m,d,y) sas date month, day, and year MINUTE (tdt) minute [0-59] from either sas time or sas datetime value tdt MONTH (d) month [1-12] from the sas date value d QTR (d) quarter of the year [1-4] during which sas date value d falls SECOND (tdt) second [0-59] from either sas time or sas datetime value tdt TIME () sas time equal to the current time TIMEPART (dt) time portion of the sas datetime value dt TODAY () sas date equal to the current date WEEKDAY (d) day-of-week [1-7] from the sas date value d, 1 = Sunday, etc. YEAR (d) year as a four digit number from the sas date value d 7YRDIF (d1,d2,b) number of years between sas date values d1 and d2 according to basis b ('30/360', 'Actual', 'ACT/360', or 'ACT/365') YYQ (y,q) sas date equal to the first day of quarter q in year y 1 Web-based functions --------- 13 8HTMLDECODE(str) decoded string from str containing HTML numeric character references or HTML character entity references 8HTMLENCODE(str) encoded string from str using HTML character entity references 8URLDECODE (str) decoded string from str using the URL escape syntax 8URLENCODE (str) encoded string from str using the URL escape syntax Pattern Matching ---------------- 9PRXCHANGE (expr|rxid,t,src) performs pattern-matching replacement on str src 9PRXCHANGE CALL(rxid,t,ostr,<nstr>,<len>,<trunc>,<n>) performs pattern-matching 9PRXDEBUG CALL(b) if b > 0 then enables debug output; if zero, disables it 9PRXFREE CALL(rxid) frees memory allocated by expression id from PRXPARSE 9PRXMATCH (expr|rxid,src) position of beginning of pattern expr or id rxid 9PRXNEXT CALL(rxid,beg,end,src,pos,len) position and length of a substring that matches a pattern and iterates over multiple matches 9PRXPAREN (rxid) last bracket match for which there is a match in a pattern 9PRXPARSE (expr) unique numeric id to compiled Perl regular expression expr 9PRXPOSN (rxid,cb,src) capture buffer cb from string src using pattern id rxid 9PRXPOSN CALL(rxid,cb,beg,<len>) start position and length for capture buffer 9PRXSUBSTR CALL(rxid,src,pos,<len>) position and length of a substring that 7RXCHANGE CALL(rx,n,src,str) changes substring(s) that match a pattern 7RXFREE CALL(rx) frees memory allocated by other RX functions 7RXMATCH (rx,str) position of beginning of a substring that matches a pattern 7RXPARSE (expr) unique identifier value from parsing pattern expression expr 7RXSUBSTR CALL(rx,str,<pos>,<len>,<n>) finds position, length, and score of a National Language Support (NLS) ------------------------------- note: no SAS version origin data provided; for details refer to 9ONLDOC EUROCURR converts one European currency to another KCOMPARE returns the result of a comparison of character strings KCOMPRESS removes specific characters from a character string KCOUNT returns the number of double-byte characters in a string KCVT converts data from an encoding code to another encoding code KINDEX searches a character expression for a string of characters KINDEXC searches a character expression for specific characters KLEFT left-aligns a char expr by removing leading DBCS blanks and SO/SI KLENGTH returns the length of an argument KLOWCASE converts all letters in an argument to lowercase KREVERSE reverses a character expression KRIGHT right-aligns a char expr by trimming trailing DBCS blanks and SO/SI KSCAN selects a specific word from a character expression KSTRCAT concatenates two or more character strings KSUBSTR extracts a substring from an argument KSUBSTRB extracts a substring from an argument according to byte position KTRANSLATE replaces specific characters in a character expression KTRIM removes trailing DBCS blanks and SO/SI from character expressions KTRUNCATE truncates a numeric value to a specified length KUPCASE converts all single-byte letters in an argument to uppercase KUPDATE inserts, deletes, and replaces character value contents KUPDATEB inserts, deletes, and replaces the contents of the character value according to the byte position of the character value in the argument KVERIFY returns position of first character that is unique to an expression NLDATE converts SAS-date value to the date value of the specified locale NLDATM converts SAS-datetime value to the time value of the specified locale NLTIME converts SAS time or datetime value to time value of specified locale TRANTAB transcodes a data string by using a translation table VARTRANSCODE returns the transcode attribute of a SAS-data set variable VTRANSCODE returns a value that indicates whether transcoding is on or off for the specified variable VTRANSCODEX returns a value that indicates whether transcoding is on or off for the specified argument WEEK returns the week-number value 1 Some Function Q and A functions --------------------- 14 Q) What is the best way to create a sas datetime value from a sas date variable and a sas time variable? A) datetime = dhms(date,0,0,time); (no need to use the hour, minute, and/or second functions) Q) There is no cube root function; how do I get the cube root of a number? A) Use fractional exponents: y = x**(1/3); Q) LAG lets me look at previous values of a variable; how do I look ahead at subsequent values? A) The data set must be merged with itself: for example, using the data set created by the following: data one; do i = 1 to 20; output; end; to create the variable 'nexti' containing the next value of i: data next; merge one one(firstobs=2 rename=(i=nexti) keep=i); to create the variable 'fifthi' containing the value of i five observations ahead: data fifth; merge one one(firstobs=5 rename=(i=fifthi) keep=i); Q) How do i convert a numeric variable to a character variable? A) You must create a differently-named variable using the PUT function. Q) How do i convert a character variable to a numeric variable? A) You must create a differently-named variable using the INPUT function. Q) How do I compute the factorial of a number? A) In V7 and above, use the FACT function: factor = fact(x); In prior releases, use the increment of the number and the GAMMA function: factor = gamma(x + 1); Note that you are limited to the architecture of the machine as to what magnitude of number will cause an overflow error. On the IBM mainframe, the largest factorial that can be stored is 56!, which is approximately 7.1099859e74. IBM PC's have a much greater range limit. Q) How do I use the constant pi within SAS? A) In V7 and above, use the CONSTANT function: pi = constant('pi'); In prior releases, here are two efficient methods of computing pi: pi = 4 * atan(1); pi = arcos(-1); [slightly less efficient] Q) How can I compute the integral age (in years) of something? A) Given two sas date variables born and calc: age = int(intck('month',born,calc) / 12); if month(born) = month(calc) then age = age - (day(born) > day(calc)); Q) How can I compute the number of months between two dates? A) Given two sas date variables begin and end: months = intck('month',begin,end) - (day(end) < day(begin)); Q) How can I determine the position of the nth word within a character string? A) In V9 and above, use the CALL SCAN routine: call scan(string,n,position,length); In prior releases, use a combination of the INDEXW and SCAN functions: position = indexw(string,scan(string,n)); Q) Why is there no WEEK function that returns 1-52? A) Since neither 365 nor 366 is divisible by 7, some dates will have to be in week '0' or week '53'. The following code can be used if week of year is necessary: weekofyr = intck('week',intnx('year',date,0),date); (refer to SAS Communications, First Quarter 1992, p48) Note: beginning in Version 9, a WEEK function is provided via National Language Support. 1 Some Function Q and A (continued) functions --------------------------------- 15 Q) I need to reorder characters within a string...use SUBSTR? A) You can do this using only one function call with TRANSLATE versus two functions calls with SUBSTR. The following lines each move the first character of a 4-character string to the last: reorder = translate('2341',string,'1234'); reorder = substr(string,2,3) || substr(string,1,1); 1 Numeric (standard input) informats ------------------------ 16 BESTw.d standard numeric integer and decimal data and scientific notation refer to W.d for examples BINARYw.d binary data as positive numbers 00001111 | num binary8 | 15 00001111 | num binary8.2 | 0.15 BZw.d translates trailing and embedded blanks to zeroes 34 | num bz4. | 3400 -2 1 | num bz4.1 | -20.1 COMMAw.d removes commas, blanks, dollar and percent signs, dashes and right parantheses, and translates left parantheses to minus signs $1,000,000 | comma10. | 1000000 500 | comma10.1 | 50 (500) | comma10. | -500 (-500) | comma10. | -500 COMMAXw.d removes periods, commas, blanks, dollar and percent signs, dashes and right ')'s, and translates left '('s to minus signs $1.000.000 | commax10. | 1000000 (500) | commax10. | -500 (500) | commax10.1 | -50 Dw.d standard numeric integer and decimal data and scientific notation refer to W.d for examples DOLLARw.d same as COMMAw.d refer to COMMAw.d for examples DOLLARXw.d same as COMMAXw.d refer to COMMAXw.d for examples Ew.d scientific notation 1.257E3 | e7. | 1257 1.257E3 | e7.1 | 125.7 Fw.d standard numeric integer and decimal data and scientific notation refer to W.d for examples HEXw. if w < 16, hexadecimal integers; if w = 16, hexadecimal signed floating point numbers 01F | hex3. | 31 4152000000000000 | hex16. | 5.125 C310000000000000 | hex16. | -256 NUMXw.d& numeric values with a comma for the decimal point 896,48 | numx6. | 896.48 OCTALw.d values stored in base eight 177 | octal3. | 127 177 | octal3.1 | 12.7 PERCENTw. percentages; removes commas, blanks, dollar signs, and dashes, translates left parantheses to minus signs, and interprets right parantheses as division by 100 1% | percent6. | 0.01 -1% | percent6. | -0.01 20-% | percent6. | 0.2 (20%) | percent6. | -0.2 (-20%) | percent6. | -0.2 9TRAILSGNw. numeric values that may contain trailing plus or minus signs 5- | trailsgn5. | -5 14.3+ | trailsgn5. | 14.3 14.3 | trailsgn5. | 14.3 w.d standard numeric integer and decimal data and scientific notation 23 | 5. | 23 23 | 5.5 | 0.00023 -23 | 5. | -23 23.2 | 5. | 23.2 23.2 | 5.5 | 23.2 2.3E1 | 5. | 23 Character --------- $ASCIIw. converts ascii to native format abc | $ascii3. | [e]'818283'x [a]'616263'x $BINARYw. binary data (every 8 bits = 1 character) 01001100010011101 | $binary16. | [e]'LM'x [a]'<(' $CBw. column-binary files in punchcard code refer to SASLang, p638 for example 1 Character (continued) informats --------------------- 17 $CHARw. preserves leading and trailing blanks, '.' is not read as missing abc | $char5. | ' abc ' $CHARZBw. translates nulls to blanks '81820083'x | $charzb4. | [e]'ab c' $EBCDICw. converts ebcdic to native format abc | $ascii3. | [e]'818283'x [a]'616263'x $Fw. trims leading blanks, '.' is read as missing refer to $W. for examples $HEXw. hexadecimal data 5A5A | $hex4. | [e]'!!' [a]'ZZ'x $OCTALw. octal data, width w is the number of octal digits multiplied by 3 132132 | $octal18. | [e]'!!' [a]'ZZ'x $PHEXw. packed decimal notation, the low-order nibble is ignored '1E0F'x | $phex2. | '1E0' $QUOTEw.+ removes matching beginning and ending quotes 'SAS' | $quote3. | SAS "SAS" | $quote3. | SAS "6'2" | $quote3. | 6'2 $REVERJw.@ inputs text right to left, preserves leading and trailing blanks ABCD | $reverj6. | ' DCBA' $REVERSw.@ inputs text right to left, left justifies result ABCD | $revers6. | 'DCBA ' $UPCASEw.+ converts all lowercase characters to uppercase sas | $upcase3. | 'SAS' $VARYINGw. varying lengths of data, a length variable must follow, w=max len 5floyd | lv 1. str $varying9. lv | str='floyd' $w. trims leading blanks, '.' is read as missing abc | $5. | 'abc ' Numeric (hexadecimal input) --------------------------- BITSw.d extracts bits as positive numbers, d is 0-based offset [0-63] 'C2'x | bits4.4 | 2 'C2'x | bits6.1 | 33 CBw.d column-binary files in punchcard code refer to SASLang, p647 for example FLOATw.d+ floating point numbers; compare with RBw.d--different results for truncated 8-byte floating point numbers under operating systems using IEEE floating point standard IBw.d signed integers '00000080'x | ib4. | 128 '00000080'x | ib4.2 | 1.28 'FFFFFFFE'x | ib4. | -2 7IBRw.d integer binary (fixed-point) in Intel and DEC format 'A900'x | ibr2. | 169 '31420000'x | ibr4.2 | 169.45 IEEEw.d+ floating point numbers stored in IEEE standard format PDw.d signed packed decimal data '0000128A'x | pd4. | 128 '0000128B'x | pd4. | -128 '0000128C'x | pd4. | 128 '0000128D'x | pd4. | -128 '0000128E'x | pd4. | 128 '0000128F'x | pd4. | 128 '0000128F'x | pd4.2 | 1.28 PIBw.d positive integers A | pib1. | [e]193 [a]65 '65'x | pib1. | 101 '65'x | pib1.1 | 10.1 '0100'x | pib2. | 256 7PIBRw.d positive integer binary (fixed-point) in Intel and DEC format '0001'x | pibr2. | 256 PKw.d unsigned packed decimal data '001234'x | pk3. | 1234 '001234'x | pk3.2 | 12.34 PUNCH.d whether a row of column-binary data is punched; refer to 9ONLDOC 1 Numeric (hexadecimal input, continued) informats -------------------------------------- 18 RBw.d floating point numbers '4280000000000000'x | rb8. | 128 '4280000000000000'x | rb8.1 | 12.8 '4280089345600000'x | rb8. | 128.03349718 'C110000000000000'x | rb8. | -1 ROWw.d column-binary field down a card column; refer to 9ONLODC S370FFw.d= standard numeric data stored in IBM mainframe format 'F1F2F3'x | s370ff3. | 123 'F1F2F3'x | s370ff3.2 | 1.23 S370FIBw.d signed integers stored in IBM mainframe format refer to IBw.d for examples S370FIBUw.d= unsigned integers stored in IBM mainframe format identical to S370FPIBw.d S370FPDw.d signed packed decimal data stored in IBM mainframe format refer to PDw.d for examples S370FPDUw.d= unsigned packed decimal data stored in IBM mainframe format, similar to S370FPDw.d, but all sign digits except 'F' are rejected S370FPIBw.d positive integers stored in IBM mainframe format refer to PIBw.d for examples S370FRBw.d floating point numbers stored in IBM mainframe format refer to RBw.d for examples S370FZDw.d= zoned decimal data stored in IBM mainframe format refer to ZDw.d for examples S370FZDLw.d= zoned decimal leading sign data stored in IBM mainframe format 'C1F2F3'x | s370fzdl3. | 123 'C1F2F3'x | s370fzdl3.2 | 1.23 'D1F2F3'x | s370fzdl3.2 | -123 S370FZDSw.d= zoned decimal separate leading sign data stored in IBM mainframe format '4EF1F2F3'x | s370fzds4. | 123 '60F1F2F3'x | s370fzds4.2 | -1.23 S370FZDTw.d= zoned decimal separate trailing sign data stored in IBM mainframe format 'F1F2F34E'x | s370fzdt4. | 123 'F1F2F360'x | s370fzdt4.2 | -1.23 'F1F2F340'x | s370fzdt4.2 | [invalid] S370FZDUw.d= unsigned zoned decimal data stored in IBM mainframe similar to S370FZDw.d, but all sign digits except 'F' are rejected VAXRBw.d floating point numbers stored in VMS format refer to RBw.d for examples VMSZNw.d*+ [VMS] zoned decimal data in VMS format, last digit is '0'-'9' for positive values and 'p'-'y' for negative values 1234 | vmszn4. | 1234 123t | vmszn4.1 | -123.4 ZDw.d zoned decimal data, ignores high order nibbles, last digit is '{'-'I' for positive values and '}'-'R' for negative values 'F0F1F2C8'x | zd4. | 128 'F1F0F2D8'x | zd4. | -1028 '81F0F2F8'x | zd4. | 1028 'F1F2F3D9'x | zd4.1 | -123.9 ZDBw.d zoned decimal data produced in IBM 1410, 1401, and 1620 form (zeroes are '40'x instead of 'F0'x) '40F140C8'x | zd4. | 108 'F1F240D9'x | zd4.1 | -120.9 ZDVw.d+ zoned decimal data; validates high order nibbles 'F1F0F2D8'x | zd4. | -1028 '81F0F2F8'x | zd4. | [invalid] Dates and Times --------------- w/dlm = "delimiters may separate day, month, and year values, but the delimiter must be consistent and used throughout" 9ANYDTDTEw. date values of any of the following forms: DATE, DATETIME, DDMMYY, JULIAN, MMDDYY, MONYY, TIME, YYMMDD, or YYQ 9ANYDTDTMw. datetime values of any of the following forms: DATE, DATETIME, DDMMYY, JULIAN, MMDDYY, MONYY, TIME, YYMMDD, or YYQ 9ANYDTTMEw. time values of any of the following forms: DATE, DATETIME, DDMMYY, JULIAN, MMDDYY, MONYY, TIME, YYMMDD, or YYQ 1 Dates and Times (continued) informats --------------------------- 19 DATEw. date of the form ddmmmyy<yy>, w/dlm 1jan1990 | date10. | 10958 01 jan 90 | date10. | 10958 1-jan-1990 | date10. | 10958 DATETIMEw. datetime of the form ddmmmyy<yy>chh:mm<:ss.ss>, w/dlm, c is any delimiter 23dec89 10:03:17.2 | datetime22. | 946029797.2 23dec1989D10:03:17.2 | datetime22. | 946029797.2 23-dec-1989/10:03:17.2 | datetime22. | 946029797.2 DDMMYYw. date of the form ddmmyy<yy>, w/dlm 231090 | ddmmyy8. | 11253 23/10/90 | ddmmyy8. | 11253 23 10 90 | ddmmyy8. | 11253 23/10/1990 | ddmmyy10. | 11253 JULIANw. date of the form <yy>yyddd 90091 | julian5. | 11048 MMDDYYw. date of the form mmddyy<yy>, w/dlm 010190 | mmddyy8. | 10958 1/1/90 | mmddyy8. | 10958 01 1 90 | mmddyy8. | 10958 01/01/1990 | mmddyy10. | 10958 MONYYw. date of the form mmmyy<yy>, the first day of the month is used jan90 | monyy5. | 10958 MSEC8. time stored in IBM mainframe TIME MIC values '0000EA044E65A000'x | msec8. | 62818.412122 PDJULGw.& IBM packed decimal julian dates in the hexadecimal form yyyydddF '1999003F'x | pdjulg4. | [jan 03, 1999] '2000003F'x | pdjulg4. | [jan 03, 2000] PDJULIw.& IBM packed decimal julian dates in the hexadecimal form ccyydddF where cc is the century indicator ('00'x = 1900, '01'x = 2000) '0001003F'x | pdjuli4. | [jan 03, 1901] '0101003F'x | pdjuli4. | [jan 03, 2001] PDTIME4. time stored in IBM mainframe SMF and RMF records '0142225F'x | pdtime4. | 51745 RMFDUR4. time from RMF measurement intervals of IBM mainframe RMF records '3552226F'x | rmfdur4. | 2152.266 RMFSTAMP8. datetime stored in IBM mainframe RMF records '0142225F0089286F'x | rmfstamp8. | 939910945 7SHRSTAMP8. datetime stored in IBM mainframe SHR records '0097239F12403576'x | shrstamp8. | 1188304835.8 SMFSTAMP8. datetime stored in IBM mainframe SMF records '004EF5280089286F'x | smfstamp8. | 939910945.68 9STIMERw. time values written to the log via the STIMER option 54 | stimer11. | 54 5:54 | stimer11. | 354 10:05:54.98 | stimer11. | 36354.98 TIMEw. time of the form hh:mm:<ss.ss><am|pm>, the ':' may be substituted with any non-alphanumeric character 14:22:25 | time8. | 51745 02:22:25pm | time10. | 51745 02:22:25am | time10. | 8545 TODSTAMP8. datetime stored as IBM mainframe time-of-day clock value '93B200C19E7A2000'x | todstamp8. | 704914018.41 TU4. time stored as IBM mainframe timer unit value '8FC7A9BC'x | tu4. | 62818.411563 VMSTIME.* [VMS] time stored in VMS format timestamp YYMMDDw. date of the form <yy>yymmdd, w/dlm 900101 | yymmdd8. | 10958 90/1/1 | yymmdd8. | 10958 1990 1 1 | yymmdd8. | 10958 1990/01/01 | yymmdd10. | 10958 YYMMNw.& date in the form of <yy>yymm, the first day of the month is used; prior to 6.09E TS470 and 6.12 TS060, this informat is available only to sites licensing ETS 9001 | yymmn4. | 10958 199001 | yymmn6. | 10958 YYQw. date in the form of <yy>yyQq, resulting in the first day of the quarter 'q' for year '<yy>yy' 90Q2 | yyq4. | 11048 1 National Language Support (NLS) informats ------------------------------- 20 note: no SAS version origin data provided for details refer to the SAS Version 9 online documentation $CPTDWw. converts Hebrew DOS (cp862) encoding to Windows (cp1255) encoding $CPTWDw. converts Windows (cp1255) encoding to Hebrew DOS (cp862) encoding $KANJIw. removes shift code data from DBCS data $KANJIXw. adds shift-code data to DBCS data $LOGVSw. converts left-to-right logical order to visual order $LOGVSRw. converts right-to-left logical order to visual order $VSLOGw. converts visual order to left-to-right logical order $VSLOGRw. converts visual order to right-to-left logical order $UCS2Bw. converts big-endian, 16-bit, UCS2, Unicode to current encoding $UCS2BEw. converts current encoding to big-endian, 16-bit, UCS2, Unicode $UCS2Lw. converts little-endian, 16-bit, UCS2, Unicode to current encoding $UCS2LEw. converts current encoding to little-endian, 16-bit, UCS2, Unicode $UCS2Xw. converts 16-bit, UCS2, Unicode to current SAS session encoding $UCS2XEw. converts current SAS session encoding to 16-bit, UCS2, Unicode $UCS4Bw. converts big-endian, 32-bit, UCS4, Unicode to current encoding $UCS4Lw. converts little-endian, 32-bit, UCS4, Unicode to current encoding $UCS4Xw. converts 32-bit, UCS4, Unicode to current SAS session encoding $UCS4XEw. converts current SAS session encoding to 32-bit, UCS4, Unicode $UESCw. converts string encoded in UESC representation to current encoding $UESCEw. converts string of current encoding to UESC representation $UNCRw. converts NCR character string to current SAS session encoding $UNCREw. converts current SAS session encoded string to NCR string $UPARENw. converts str encoded in UPAREN representation to current encoding $UPARENEw. converts string of current encoding to UPAREN representation $UPARENPw. same as UPAREN but national chars remain in UPAREN representation $UTF8Xw. converts string encoded in UTF-8 to current SAS session encoding EURDFDEw. date in an international format similar to DATE. EURDFDTw. datetime in an international format EURDFMYw. date in an international format similar to MONYY. EUROw.d removes chars in European currency; reverses comma & decimal point EUROXw.d removes embedded characters in European currency JDATEYMDw. Japanese kanji date in the form <yy>yymmmdd JNENGOw. Japanese kanji date in the form yymmdd MINGUOw. date of the Taiwanese form yyymmdd NENGOw. date stored in Japanese form r.yymmdd NLDATEw. converts date value of specified locale to local SAS date value NLDATMw. converts datetime value of specified locale to local SAS datetime NLMNYw.d monetary data in the specified locale for the local expression NLMNYIw.d monetary data in specified locale for the international expression NLNUMw.d numeric data in the specified locale for local expressions NLNUMIw.d numeric data in the specified locale for international expressions NLPCTw.d percentage data in the specified locale for local expressions NLPCTIw.d percentage data in specified locale for international expressions NLTIMAPw. converts am/pm time value of specified locale to local SAS time NLTIMEw. converts time value of specified locale to local SAS time value WEEKUw. converts number-of-week value to SAS date value using U algorithm WEEKVw. converts number-of-week value to SAS date value using V algorithm WEEKWw. converts number-of-week value to SAS date value using W algorithm YENw.d removes commas, decimal points, and yen signs 1 Numeric (hexadecimal output) formats ---------------------------- 21 abs(neg) = 'takes absolute value of negative values' FLOATw.d+ floating point numbers; compare with RBw.d--different results for truncated 8-byte floating point numbers under operating systems using IEEE floating point standard IBw.d signed integers 128 | ib4. | '00000080'x 1.28 | ib4.2 | '00000080'x -2 | ib4. | 'FFFFFFFE'x 7IBRw.d integer binary (fixed-point) in Intel and DEC format 169 | ibr2. | 'A900'x 169.45 | ibr4.2 | '31420000'x IEEEw.d+ floating point numbers in IEEE standard format PDw.d signed packed decimal values 128 | pd4. | '0000128C'x 1.28 | pd4.2 | '0000128C'x -128 | pd4. | '0000128D'x PIBw.d positive integers 193 | pib1. | 'C1'x 10.1 | pib1.1 | '65'x 256 | pib2. | '0100'x 7PIBRw.d positive integer binary (fixed-point) in Intel and DEC format 256 | pibr2. | '0001'x PKw.d unsigned packed decimal values 1234 | pk3. | '001234'x 12.34 | pk3.2 | '001234'x RBw.d floating point numbers 128 | rb8. | '4280000000000000'x 12.8 | rb8.1 | '427FFFFFFFFFFFFF'x 128.03349718 | rb8. | '42800893456C9BB4'x -1 | rb8. | 'C110000000000001'x 7S370FFw.d standard numeric data stored in IBM mainframe format 123 | s370ff3. | 'F1F2F3'x S370FIBw.d signed integers in IBM mainframe format refer to IBw.d for examples S370FIBUw.d= unsigned integers in IBM mainframe format, abs(neg) 245 | s370fibu1. | 'F5'x -245 | s370fibu1. | 'F5'x S370FPDw.d signed packed decimal values in IBM mainframe format refer to PDw.d for examples S370FPDUw.d= unsigned packed decimal data in IBM mainframe format, abs(neg) 123 | s370fpdu2. | '123F'x -123 | s370fpdu2. | '123F'x S370FPIBw.d positive integers in IBM mainframe format refer to PIBw.d for examples S370FRBw.d floating point numbers in IBM mainframe format refer to RBw.d for examples S370FZDw.d= zoned decimal data in IBM mainframe format refer to ZDw.d for examples S370FZDLw.d= zoned decimal leading sign data in IBM mainframe format 123 | s370fzdl3. | 'C1F2F3'x -123 | s370fzdl3. | 'D1F2F3'x S370FZDSw.d= zoned decimal separate leading sign data in IBM mainframe format 123 | s370fzds4. | '4EF1F2F3'x -123 | s370fzds4. | '60F1F2F3'x S370FZDTw.d= zoned decimal separate trailing sign data in IBM mainframe format 123 | s370fzdt4. | 'F1F2F34E'x -123 | s370fzdt4. | 'F1F2F360'x S370FZDUw.d= unsigned zoned decimal data in IBM mainframe format, abs(neg) 123 | s370fzdu3. | 'F1F2F3'x -123 | s370fzdu3. | 'F1F2F3'x 9VAXRBw.d floating point numbers in VMS format 1 | vaxrb8. | '8040000000000000'x VMSZNw.d*+ [VMS] zoned decimal data in VMS format -1234 | vmszn5. | 123t ZDw.d zoned decimal data, last digit is '{'-'I' for positive values and '}'-'R' for negative values 128 | zd4. | 'F0F1F2C8'x -1028 | zd4. | 'F1F0F2D8'x -123.9 | zd4.1 | 'F1F2F3D9'x 1 Dates and Times formats --------------------------- 22 w/x_sep = "with x being C, D, N, P, or S to designate comma, dash, "null, period, or slash, respectively as the separator" DATEw. date value in the form ddmmmyy<yy> 10847 | date5. | 12SEP 10847 | date7. | 12SEP89 10847 | date9. | 12SEP1989 DATEAMPMw.d& datetime value in the form ddmmmyy<yy>:hh:mm:ss.ss AM|PM 937192783 | dateampm10. | 12SEP89:03 937192783 | dateampm13. | 12SEP89:03 AM 937192783 | dateampm19. | 12SEP89:03:19:43 AM DATETIMEw.d datetime value in the form ddmmmyy<yy>:hh:mm:ss.ss 937192783 | datetime7. | 12SEP89 937192783 | datetime16. | 12SEP89:03:19:43 937192783 | datetime18.1 | 12SEP89:03:19:43.0 DAYw. day of month [1-31] from a date value 10919 | day2. | 23 DDMMYYw. date value in the form ddmmyy<yy> 11316 | ddmmyy5. | 25/12 11316 | ddmmyy6. | 251290 11316 | ddmmyy10. | 25/12/1990 7DDMMYYxw.& date value in the form ddmmyy<yy>, w/x_sep; avail in 6.12 and 6.09E as DDMMYYNw. (with only the 'N' separator) 11316 | ddmmyyn6. | 120989 11316 | ddmmyyn8. | 12091989 11316 | ddmmyyd8. | 12-09-89 DOWNAMEw. day of week from a date value 10621 | downame6. | Sunday 10621 | downame3. | Sun 9DTDATEw. same as DATEw. but accepts a datetime value 9DTMONYYw. same as MONYYw. but accepts a datetime value 9DTWKDATXw. same as WEEKDATXw. but accepts a datetime value 9DTYEARw. same as YEARw. but accepts a datetime value 9DTYYQCw. year and quarter from a datetime value with a colon as separator 1447343794 | dtyyqc6. | 2005:4 HHMMw.d hours and minutes from a time value 10530 | hhmm. | 2:55 10530 | hhmm7.2 | 2:55.50 HOURw.d hours from a time value 10530 | hour. | 3 10530 | hour6.2 | 2.93 JULDAYw. julian day of the year from a date value 11048 | julday3. | 91 JULDATEw. julian date from a date value refer to JULIANw. for examples JULIANw. julian date from a date value 11048 | julian5. | 90091 11048 | julian7. | 1990091 MMDDYYw. date value in the form mmddyy<yy> 10847 | mmddyy4. | 0912 10847 | mmddyy5. | 09/12 10847 | mmddyy6. | 091289 10847 | mmddyy7. | 091289 10847 | mmddyy8. | 09/12/89 10847 | mmddyy10. | 09/12/1989 7MMDDYYxw.& date value in the form mmddyy<yy>, w/x_sep; avail in 6.12 and 6.09E as MMDDYYNw. (with only the 'N' separator) 10847 | mmddyyn6. | 091289 10847 | mmddyyn8. | 09121989 10847 | mmddyyd8. | 09-12-89 MMSSw.d minutes and seconds from a time value 4530 | mmss. | 75:30 4530.34 | mmss8.2 | 75:30.34 MMYYxw. month and year from a date value, w/x_sep 10741 | mmyy5. | 05M89 10741 | mmyyd7. | 05-1989 10741 | mmyys7. | 05/1989 MONNAMEw. month name from a date value 10919 | monname9. | November 10919 | monname3. | Nov 1 Dates and Times (continued) formats --------------------------- 23 MONTHw. month of the year [1-12] from a date value 10919 | month2. | 11 MONYYw. date value in the form mmmyy<yy> 10958 | monyy5. | JAN90 10958 | monyy7. | JAN1990 PDJULGw.& IBM packed decimal julian dates in the hexadecimal form yyyydddF 14247 | pdjulg4. | '1999003F'x 14612 | pdjulg4. | '2000003F'x PDJULIw.& IBM packed decimal julian dates in the hexadecimal form ccyydddF where cc is the century indicator ('00'x = 1900, '01'x = 2000) -21547 | pdjuli4. | '0001003F'x 14978 | pdjuli4. | '0101003F'x QTRw. quarter of the year from a date value 10741 | qtr1. | 2 QTRRw. quarter of the year from a date value using Roman numerals 10741 | qtr3. | II TIMEAMPMw.d& time in the form hh:mm:ss.ss AM|PM from a time value 51745 | timeampm5. | 2 PM 51745 | timeampm11. | 2:22:25 PM 8545 | timeampm11. | 2:22:25 AM TIMEw.d time in the form hh:mm:ss.ss from a time value 51745 | time8. | 14:22:25 51745.23 | time11.2 | 14:22:25.23 TODw. time portion from a datetime value 956978640 | tod8. | 3:24:00 VMSTIMEF.* [VMS] datetime value in VMS date and time format WEEKDATEw. day name, month name, day, and year from a date value 10848 | weekdate3. | Wed 10848 | weekdate9. | Wednesday 10848 | weekdate17. | Wed, Sep 13, 1989 10848 | weekdate29. | Wednesday, September 13, 1989 WEEKDATXw. day name, day, month name, and year from a date value 10848 | weekdatx17. | Wed, 13 Sep 1989 10848 | weekdatx29. | Wednesday, 13 September 1989 WEEKDAYw. day of week [1-7] from a date value 10848 | weekday1. | 4 WORDDATEw. month name, day, and year from a date value 10848 | worddate3. | Sep 10848 | worddate9. | September 10848 | worddate12. | Sep 13, 1989 10848 | worddate18. | September 13, 1989 WORDDATXw. day, month name, and year from a date value 10848 | worddatx3. | Sep 10848 | worddatx9. | September 10848 | worddatx12. | 13 Sep 1989 10848 | worddatx18. | 13 September 1989 YEARw. year from a date value 10848 | year2. | 89 10848 | year4. | 1989 YYMMxw. year and month from a date value, w/x_sep 10741 | yymm5. | 89M05 10741 | yymmc7. | 1989:05 YYMMDDw. date value in the form <yy>yymmdd 10669 | yymmdd4. | 8903 10669 | yymmdd6. | 890318 10669 | yymmdd10. | 1989-03-18 7YYMMDDxw.& date value in the form <yy>yymmdd, w/x_sep; avail in 6.12 and 6.09E as YYMMDDNw. (with only the 'N' separator) 10669 | yymmddn6. | 890318 10669 | yymmddn8. | 19890318 10669 | yymmddd8. | 89-03-18 YYMONw. date value in the form <yy>yymmm 10958 | yymon5. | 90JAN 10958 | yymon7. | 1990JAN YYQxw. year and quarter from a date value, w/x_sep 10741 | yyqd6. | 1989-2 10741 | yyqn5. | 19892 YYQRxw. year and quarter (Roman numerals) from a date value, w/x_sep 10741 | yyqrp8. | 1989.II 1 Numeric (standard output) formats ------------------------- 24 BESTw. SAS chooses best notation for specified width 1257000 | best7. | 1257000 1257000 | best6. | 1.26E6 1257000 | best3. | 1E6 BINARYw. binary representation; truncates decimal, writes all negative values as all '1's 123.45 | binary8. | 01111011 123 | binary8. | 01111011 -123 | binary8. | 11111111 COMMAw.d inserts commas, prior to V7 d must be zero or two 23451.23 | comma9.2 | 23,451.23 COMMAXw.d inserts periods with a comma separating the decimal fraction, prior to V7 d must be zero or two 23451.23 | commax9.2 | 23.451,23 Dw.s# numeric values using at least s significant digits (this writes numbers in similar ranges with same number of decimal places) 12345 | d10.4 | 12345.0 1234.5 | d10.4 | 1234.5 123.45 | d10.4 | 123.45000 12.345 | d10.4 | 12.34500 1.2345 | d10.4 | 1.23450 .12345 | d10.4 | 0.12345 DOLLARw.d prefixes '$', inserts commas, prior to V7 d must be zero or two 1254.71 | dollar9.2 | $1,254.71 DOLLARXw.d prefixes '$', inserts periods with a comma separating the decimal fraction, prior to V7 d must be zero or two 1254.71 | dollar9.2 | $1.254,71 Ew.d scientific notation 1257 | e10. | 1.257E+03 Fw.d standard numeric integer and decimal data refer to W.d for examples FRACTw. converts decimal data to fractions in reduced form 0.666667 | fract8. | 2/3 0.2784 | fract10. | 174/625 HEXw. if w < 16, hexadecimal integers; if w = 16, hexadecimal signed floating point numbers 31 | hex8. | 0000001F 5.125 | hex16. | 4152000000000000 -256 | hex16. | C310000000000000 NEGPARENw.d displays negative numbers in parantheses, inserts commas 1000 | negparen10. | b 1,000b [b = blank] -1000 | negparen10. | ( 1,000) NUMXw.d& numeric values with a comma for the decimal point 896.48 | numx6.2 | 896,48 896.48 | numx6 | 896 OCTALw octal integers 3592 | octal6. | 007010 PERCENTw.d percentages; uses BESTw. format, displays negative values in parantheses, width must be between 0 and 2 0.1 | percent10. | b 10%b [b = blank] 1.2 | percent10. | b 120%b [b = blank] -0.05 | percent10. | ( 5%) -0.053 | percent10.2 | ( 5.30%) PVALUEw.d# writes p-values -1 | pvalue. | 0.0 0 | pvalue. | 0.0001 1 | pvalue. | 1.0000 ROMANw. values in Roman numerals 1992 | roman7. | MCMXCII SSNw. social security numbers with dashes 263878439 | ssn11. | 263-87-8439 UICw.* [VMS] converts numeric values to VMS UIC strings VMSMSGw.*+ [VMS] numeric values as character strings containing the equivalent VMS message w.d standard numeric integer and decimal data 23.45 | 6.3 | 23.450 1 Numeric (standard output, continued) formats ------------------------------------ 25 WORDFw. numbers in English with fractions in hundredths 2.5 | wordf15. | two and 50/100 2.5 | wordf10. | two and 5* -2.5 | wordf19. | minus two and 50/1* -2.5 | wordf21. | minus two and 50/100 WORDSw. numbers and fractions in English with fractions in hundredths 2.1 | words23. | two and ten hundredths -2.1 | words23. | minus two and ten hund* -2.1 | words28. | minus two and ten hundredths Zw.d standard numeric integer and decimal data with leading zeroes 23.45 | z9.3 | 00023.450 Character --------- $ASCIIw. converts native format to ascii abc | $ascii3. | [a]'616263'x $BINARYw. converts to binary data (every character = 8 binary digits) AB | $binary16. | [e]'1100000111000010' [a]'0100000101000010' $CHARw. standard character data, does not trim leading blanks refer to $W. for examples $EBCDICw. converts native format to ebcdic abc | $ascii3. | [e]'818283'x $Fw. standard character data, does not trim leading blanks refer to $W. for examples $HEXw. converts to hexadecimal data (every character = 2 hex digits) AB | $hex4. | [e]'C1C2' [a]'4142'x $MSGCASEw.+ converts lowercase characters to uppercase based on the value of the MSGCASE system option $OCTALw. converts to octal data (every character = 3 octal digits) A | $octal9. | [e]'301100100' [a]'101040040'x $QUOTEw.+ adds enclosing double quotation marks SAS | $quote. | "SAS" $REVERJw.@ reverses character order, does not justify result ABCD | $reverj6. | ' DCBA' $REVERSw.@ reverses character order, left justifies result ABCD | $revers6. | 'DCBA ' $UPCASEw.+ converts lowercase characters to uppercase sas | $upcase3. | SAS $VARYINGw. varying lengths of data, length variable must follow, w=max len str='floyd' lv=5 | str $varying9. lv | 'floyd' $w. standard character data, does not trim leading blanks abc | $char5. | ' abc ' National Language Support (NLS) ------------------------------- note: no SAS version origin data provided for details refer to the SAS Version 9 online documentation $BIDIw. reverses order of Hebrew chars; preserves order of Latin words $CPTDWw. Hebrew text in IBM-PC (cp862) in Windows Hebrew encoding (cp 1255) $CPTWDw. Hebrew text in Windows (cp1255) in Hebrew DOS (cp862) encoding $KANJIw. adds shift-code data to DBCS data $KANJIXw. removes shift-code data from DBCS data $LOGVSw. string that is in left-to-right-logical order in visual order $LOGVSRw. string that is in right-to-left-logical order in visual order $UCS2Bw. current SAS session encoding in big-endian, 16-bit, UCS2, Unicode $UCS2BEw. big-endian, 16-bit, UCS2, Unicode in current session SAS encoding $UCS2Lw. current session encoding in little-endian, 16-bit, UCS2, Unicode $UCS2LEw. little-endian, 16-bit, UCS2, Unicode in current session encoding $UCS2Xw. current session encoding in native-endian, 16-bit, UCS2, Unicode $UCS2XEw. native-endian, 16-bit, UCS2, Unicode in current session encoding $UCS4Bw. current session encoding in big-endian, 32-bit, UCS4, Unicode $UCS4BEw. big-endian, 32-bit, UCS4, Unicode in current SAS session encoding $UCS4Lw. current session encoding in little-endian, 32-bit, UCS4, Unicode $UCS4LEw. little-endian, 32-bit, UCS4, Unicode in current session encoding $UCS4Xw. current session encoding in native-endian, 32-bit, UCS4, Unicode $UCS4XEw. native-endian, 32-bit, UCS4, Unicode in current session encoding $UESCw. current session encoding in Unicode escape (UESC) representation 1 National Language Support (NLS) (continued) formats ------------------------------------------- 26 note: no SAS version origin data provided for details refer to the SAS Version 9 online documentation $UESCEw. Unicode escape (UESC) representation in current session encoding $UNCRw. current session encoding in numeric character representation (NCR) $UNCREw. numeric character representation (NCR) in current session encoding $UPARENw. current session encoding in Unicode parenthesis representation $UPARENEw. Unicode parenthesis representation in current session encoding $UTF8Xw. current session encoding in universal transformation format $VSLOGw. string that is in visual order in left-to-right logical order $VSLOGRw. string that is in visual order in right-to-left logical order EURDFDDw. date in an international format similar to DDMMYY. EURDFDEw. date in an international format similar to DATE. EURDFDNw. date in an international format similar to WEEKDAY. EURDFDTw. datetime in an international format, refto610 EURDFDWNw. date in an international format similar to DOWNAME. EURDFMNw. date in an international format similar to MONNAME. EURDFMYw. date in an international format similar to MONYY. EURDFWDXw. date in an international format similar to WORDDATX. EURDFWKXw. date in an international format similar to WEEKDATX. EURFRATSw.d converts an amount from Austrian schillings to euros EURFRBEFw.d converts an amount from Belgian francs to euros EURFRCHFw.d converts an amount from Swiss francs to euros EURFRCZKw.d converts an amount from Czech koruny to euros EURFRDEMw.d converts an amount from Deutsche marks to euros EURFRDKKw.d converts an amount from Danish kroner to euros EURFRESPw.d converts an amount from Spanish pesetas to euros EURFRFIMw.d converts an amount from Finnish markkaa to euros EURFRFRFw.d converts an amount from French francs to euros EURFRGBPw.d converts an amount from British pounds to euros EURFRGRDw.d converts an amount from Greek drachmas to euros EURFRHUFw.d converts an amount from Hungarian forints to euros EURFRIEPw.d converts an amount from Irish pounds to euros EURFRITLw.d converts an amount from Italian lire to euros EURFRLUFw.d converts an amount from Luxembourg francs to euros EURFRNLGw.d converts an amount from Dutch guilders to euros EURFRNOKw.d converts an amount from Norwegian krone to euros EURFRPLZw.d converts an amount from Polish zlotys to euros EURFRPTEw.d converts an amount from Portuguese escudos to euros EURFRROLw.d converts an amount from Romanian lei to euros EURFRRURw.d converts an amount from Russian rubles to euros EURFRSEKw.d converts an amount from Swedish kronor to euros EURFRSITw.d converts an amount from Slovenian tolars to euros EURFRTRLw.d converts an amount from Turkish liras to euros EURFRYUDw.d converts an amount from Yugoslavian dinars to euros EUROw.d prefixes euro symbol, inserts commas, period separates decimal EUROXw.d prefixes euro symbol, inserts periods, comma separates decimal EURTOATSw.d converts an amount from euros to Austrian schillings EURTOBEFw.d converts an amount from euros to Belgian francs EURTOCHFw.d converts an amount from euros to Swiss francs EURTOCZKw.d converts an amount from euros to Czech koruny EURTODEMw.d converts an amount from euros to Deutsche marks EURTODKKw.d converts an amount from euros to Danish kroner EURTOESPw.d converts an amount from euros to Spanish pesetas EURTOFIMw.d converts an amount from euros to Finnish markkaa EURTOFRFw.d converts an amount from euros to French francs EURTOGBPw.d converts an amount from euros to British pounds EURTOGRDw.d converts an amount from euros to Greek drachmas EURTOHUFw.d converts an amount from euros to Hungarian forints EURTOIEPw.d converts an amount from euros to Irish pounds EURTOITLw.d converts an amount from euros to Italian lire EURTOLUFw.d converts an amount from euros to Luxembourg francs EURTONLGw.d converts an amount from euros to Dutch guilders EURTONOKw.d converts an amount from euros to Norwegian krone EURTOPLZw.d converts an amount from euros to Polish zlotys EURTOPTEw.d converts an amount from euros to Portuguese escudos EURTOROLw.d converts an amount from euros to Romanian lei EURTORURw.d converts an amount from euros to Russian rubles EURTOSEKw.d converts an amount from euros to Swedish kronor EURTOSITw.d converts an amount from euros to Slovenian tolars 1 National Language Support (NLS) (continued) formats ------------------------------------------- 27 EURTOTRLw.d converts an amount from euros to Turkish liras EURTOYUDw.d converts an amount from euros to Yugoslavian dinars HDATEw. date in the Hebrew form yyyy mmmmm dd HEBDATEw. date according to the Jewish calendar MINGUOw. date in the Taiwanese form yyymmdd NENGOw. date in the Japanese form r.yymmdd NLDATEw. converts date to specified locale and writes date NLDATEMNw. converts date to specified locale and writes name of the month NLDATEWw. converts date to specified locale and writes day of the week NLDATEWNw. converts date to specified locale and writes day of the week NLDATMw. converts datetime to specified locale and writes datetime NLDATMAPw. converts datetime to specified locale, writes datetime with am|pm NLDATMTMw. converts datetime to specified locale and writes time of day NLDATMWw. converts datetime to specified locale and writes day and datetime NLMNYw.d local expression in the specified locale using local currency NLMNYIw.d international expression in the specified locale NLNUMw.d local expression in the specified locale NLNUMIw.d international expression in the specified locale NLPCTw.d percentage local expression in the specified locale NLPCTIw.d percentage international expression in the specified locale NLTIMEw. converts time to specified locale and writes time NLTIMAPw. converts time to specified locale and writes time with am|pm WEEKUw. week number in decimal format using the U algorithm WEEKVw. week number in decimal format using the V algorithm WEEKWw. week number in decimal format using the W algorithm YENw.d prefixes yen sign, inserts commas and decimal points Some Format Q and A ------------------- Q) How can I put my sas date variable so that December 25, 1995 would appear as '19951225'? (with no separator) A) Beginning with Releases 6.09E TS470 and 6.12 TS060, use the new format YYMMDDN. There are also new formats MMDDYYN. and DDMMYYN. Beginning with Version 7, use the new format YYMMDDx. with the N separator. There are also new formats MMDDYYx. and DDMMYYx. If you have an earlier release of SAS then there are two alternatives: use a combination of the YEAR. and MMDDYY. formats to simply display the value: put sasdate year4. sasdate mmddyy4.; or use a combination of the PUT and COMPRESS functions to store the value: newvar = compress(put(sasdate,yymmdd10.),'/'); Q) How can I put my sas time variable with a leading zero for hours 1-9? A) Use a combination of the Z. and MMSS. formats: hrprint = hour(sastime); put hrprint z2. ':' sastime mmss5.; [[Category:SAS Code]] [[Category:Functions and CALL Routines]] [[Category:Formats]] [[Category:Informats]]

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